Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫） 

[1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT 
[2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP 
[3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO 
[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT) 
[5] People(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT 
[6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ 
[7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO 

Type2提出异议 

[1] However (But),… 
[2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration. 
ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable, 
etc; 
ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc 
[3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2]) 
[4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case. 
[5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion) 

Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折 

[1] The reason lies in several aspects, 
[2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined] 
[3] There are several remarkable reasons. 
[4] 层进in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing…for another; finally, above all, in short. 
[5] 举例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point 
[6] 转折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary 
[7] 条件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc 

Type4 就…而言；关于 

[1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned 
[2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题 

Type5问题 

[1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved) 
[2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT 
[3] There is growing concern about +NP 
[4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or NP) 
[5] Unfortunately,… 
[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter. 
[7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible. 
[8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with NP 

TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视 

[1] NP1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in NP2 (or: NP is of enormous significance) 
[2] The importance (necessity) of NP (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that… 
[3] NP1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in NP2 
[4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant (obvous) 
[5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2 
[6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT) 
[7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…) 
[8] What we should take into consideration is +NP 

Type7行动 

[1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been 
taken, should be taken) to DO 
[3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123) 

Type8二择其一 

[1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter) 
[2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence. 
[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any. 
[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious. 
[5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme. 
[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely 
[7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other. 
[8] The benefits of NP are varied… 
[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.