动词时态的备考攻略
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时态一直是高考的热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。要求考生具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。此文盘点近年高考全国各地英语试题，精选考例，揭示热点，并提出应试方法及备考策略。
Ⅰ、常见时态的一般用法
一、将来时
[例1]—Did you tell Julia about the result?
—Oh, no, I forget. I _____her now. (NMET2005Ⅲ)
A. will be calling B. will call
C. call D. am to call
答案B。从题干得知我并未告知Julia结果，受对方启示，说话者现在临时想到要告知对方。
[备考启示]will\shall do用作将来表说话者临时想到要干的某个动作，是说话者主观态度或看法。一般现在时、现在进行时、be to do以及be going to均可用来表将来。
二、进行时
1.过去进行时
[例2]Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she_____. (辽宁2005NMET)
A. has done B. had done
C. was doing D. is doing
答案C。从时态呼应上考虑，A和D均错；Susan不想让其父母知道她眼下正在干什么，便背着父母偷偷干。
[备考启示]过去某个时刻正在进行的动作用过去进行时；在口语中，说话者所说内容是非一定目的、随意的，亦常用过去进行时。
2.现在进行时
[例3] Although the causes of cancer _____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. (山东2006NMET)
A. are being uncovered
B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering
D. have uncovered
答案A。此题考查状语从句中时态。主语causes of cancer和谓语动词uncover存在动宾关系，故选用被动语态，排除选项B、C、D；致癌原因正被揭开，故选进行时的被动语态。
[备考启示] 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行，较一般现在时相比具有暂时性。
3.将来进行时
[例4] At this time tomorrow ____over the Atlantic.（北京2003NMET）
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
答案B。明天此时我们正飞越大西洋。描述将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
[备考启示]将来某个时刻正在发生的动作用将来进行时，注意时间暗示。
4.现在或过去完成进行时
[例5] I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour. (湖北2006NMET)
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
答案A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，故排除选项B和C；据时态呼应规律排除选项D；学生一直在做数学练习，直到规定时间完毕教师才公布答案。
[备考启示]某个动作或过程过去已经开始，一直持续到说话时刻，有可能继续延续。因此，现在完成进行时仍带有进行时的持续性；某个动作或过程过去的过去已经开始，一直持续到过去某个时刻，有可能继续延续，用过去完成进行时。
三、一般过去时
[例6] My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America. (江西2006NMET)
A. worked B. would work
C. would be working D. has been working
答案A。描述过去曾发生的事实，and then went也加以提示。
[备考启示]一般过去时表在过去某时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态或过去经常性习惯性动作，但现已不复存在，侧重描述过去事实，与现在没有联系。
四、完成时
1.现在完成时
[例7] Customers are asked to make sure that they ____the right change before leaving the shop.(重庆2006NMET)
A. will give B. have been given
C. have given D. will be given
答案B。考查宾语从句中时态兼语态。“找零”动作发生在“离开”之前，故用完成时。
[备考启示] 现在完成时表示某个动作或过程在过去某个时间已经开始，现在已经完成或可能继续延续下去。
2.过去完成时
[例8] Father _____for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. (福建2005NMET)
A. has left B. left
C. was leaving D. had left
答案D。父亲去伦敦出差这一动作在我去看他之前已经发生，故我没见着他。
[备考启示]某个动作或过程在过去的过去已经完成，与现在没有联系。
3.将来完成时
[例9] By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _____for London to attend a meeting. (天津2005NMET)
A. will leave B. leaves
C. will have left D. left
答案C。等Jane回到家，她姑妈已离开去伦敦开会了。描述将来某一时刻前已完成的动作。
[备考启示]将来某一时刻前已完成的动作或过程用将来完成时。
五、一般现在时
[例10] The father as well as his three children ____skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (辽宁2006NMET)
A. is going B. go
C. goes D. are going
答案C。描述现在习惯性动作使用一般现在时；此题还涉及主谓一致。
[备考启示]一般现在时表不受时限的客观存在、现在习惯性动作及现在状态或瞬间动作。
Ⅱ、常见时态的特殊用法
一、一般现在时表将来
[例11] —What are you going to do this afternoon? (重庆2005NMET)
—I’m going to the cinema with some friends. The film____quite early, so we ____to the bookstore after that.
A. finished; are going
B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going
D. finishes; go
答案C。按时间表、既定安排将要发生的动作用一般现在时表将来；事先计划将要干某个动作，用be going to do。
[备考启示]一般现在时用于主句中可表示按计划或既定日程将要发生的某个动作，谓语动词常为位置移动动词。这种计划比较客观，不易更改，且较现在进行时表将来正式。
二、一般过去时表现在
[例12] How I wish every family ____a large house with a beautiful garden! （上海春2002NMET）
A. has B. had
C. will have D. had had
答案B。此题考查虚拟语气的用法。与现在相反的假设，从句谓语动词用一般过去时。
[备考启示] 一般过去时表现在用于表示与现在相反的假设，尤用于It’s time… 、I wish… 和 I’d rather…从句中或表示婉转语气，常用动词为want \wonder\ hope\ think等。
三、将来时表计划或安排
[例13] —_____leave at the end of this month.
—I don’t think you should do that until _____another job. (北京2006NMET)
A. I’m going to; you’d found
B. I’m going to; you’ve found
C. I’ll; you’ll find
D. I’ll; you’d find
答案B。我打算月末离开，be going to用以表示安排。工作确定以后再离开，故两个动作存在明显先后顺序，使用完成时。
[备考启示]除一般现在时和现在进行时可用于表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作外，be going to以及be to亦有此种用法。在正式语体中常用be to，常见于be about to do…when…结构之中，亦可用于状语从句中表将来；也可表注定、应该，还可表命令、禁止和宣布决定等。而be going to还可表某种迹象暗示就要发生的动作。
[例14] In a room above the store, where a party____, some workers were busily seating the table.(湖南2006NMET)
A. was to be held B. has been held
C. will be held D. is being held
答案A。此处be to do表计划、安排；主语为受动对象，故选用被动语态。
四、现在进行时
1.表将来
[例15] — Are you still busy?
—Yes, I ______my work, and it won’t take long. (浙江2005NMET)
A. just finish
B. am just finishing
C. have just finished
D. am just going to finish
答案B。工作马上就好，finish为动态动词，用进行时表即将完成的动作。
[备考启示]现在进行时可表按照现在计划、安排近期内即将发生的动作，描写生动，值得期待；谓语动词多为go\come\leave\start等位置移动动词。也可带有其他情态意义，有时含“决心”，常用于否定句中。例：I am not talking with her again. (=I won’t talk with her again.)
类似地，过去进行时也可表过去将来即将发生的动作。
2.用于描写
[例16] Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _____to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南2005NMET)
A. phone B. will phone
C. were phoning D. are phoning
答案D。问我如何花这笔钱的电话一直响个不停，描述现阶段一直在进行的动作同时也暗示说话者不满。
[备考启示]现在进行时用于描写一种状态，显得生动，表示一种强烈感情色彩，常与频度副词always\continually等连用，多半表示说话者不满、厌烦等。而一般现在时则侧重于叙述事实，感情色彩较淡。
五、过去进行时
1.表顺承
[例17] —Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
—Where was I ?
—You ____you didn’t like your father’s job.（北京春2004NMET）
A. had said B. said
C. were saying D. had been saying
答案C。过去进行时用作顺承，以引起话题。
[备考启示] 过去进行时用来打开话头，顺接话题，可译作“……来着”。
2.表原因
[例18] —What’s wrong with your coat?
—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me ______on it.(重庆2005NMET)
A. sat B. had sat
C. had been sitting D. was sitting
答案D。说话者描述在下车时所受遭遇，同时向对方解释原因。
[备考启示]在口语中，用来申述原因或用作借口，常用过去进行时。
3.表婉转语气
[例19] —Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?
—Of course. What is it?
—I ____if you could tell me how to fill out this form.（北京2002NMET）
A. had wondered B. was wondering
C. would wonder D. did wonder
答案B。过去进行时表婉转语气，以示礼貌，从if从句中助动词could也可领会到。
[备考启示]过去进行时表婉转语气仅限用于少数动词如hope\want\wonder等，表婉转语气或礼貌请求，且较一般过去时、现在进行时和一般现在时更加婉转礼貌。上述各时态并无时间差异，只是语气婉转程度不一。
六、过去完成时表示与过去相反的假设
[例20]—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ____without me. (江西2005NMET)
A. went B. are going
C. have gone D. had gone
答案D。我还以为Alice，Sue不等我就走了。
[备考启示]过去完成时此种用法常见于as if\if\if only分句中以及I wish\I’d rather…宾语从句中，表示与过去相反的假设；用于I had expected\thought\intended\meant…中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图。
Ⅲ、特定句式中时态的用法
一、祈使句
[例21] Turn on the television or a magazine and you ____advertisements showing happy families. （湖南2004NMET）
A. will often see B. often see
C. are often seeing D. have often seen
答案A。此题考查时态。祈使句陈述部分的谓语动词用将来时。
[备考启示]祈使句的构成：动词原形或名词词组+and\or\but+谓语用将来时或情态动词的陈述句；其否定构成直接在整个句子前加Don't\Never即可。
二、并列句
[例22] He was hoping to go abroad but his parents____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北2005NMET)
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decided
答案B。前后分句虽由but连接，但前一分句动作迟于后一分句动作的发生。
[备考启示]若并列连词连接两个动作同时发生无先后顺序，前后时态保持一致；否则考虑使用完成时或其他时态。
三、时间\条件状语从句
[例23] Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____home. (上海2006NMET)
A. wrote B. will write
C. have written D. write
答案D。when引导时间状语从句，谓语用一般现在时代替将来时。
[备考启示]在if \in case等引导条件句和when引导的时间状语从句中谓语用一般现在时代替将来时；但在宾语从句中不可。
四、since 分句
[例24]he country life he was used to_____greatly since 1992.（山东2005NMET）
A. change B. has changed
C. changing D. have changed
答案B。自从1992年以来，动作或状态延续到说话时间，故主句使用现在完成时
[备考启示]在since 分句中，谓语用非延续动词的一般过去时，与之相对应的主句常用现在完成时；例：It has been almost five years since we saw each other last time.若since 分句的动作或状态延续到说话时间，则从句使用现在完成时。
五、含系动词的一般分句
[例25]The water _____cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. (NMET2006)
A. was felt B. is felt
C. felt D. feels
答案C。系动词的时态多为一般现在时或一般过去时。从jumped 可以判断此题选用一般过去时以保持时态呼应。
[备考启示]系动词无被动语态，不使用进行时，常见时态为一般现在时和一般过去时，间或使用将来时。例：The meat will stay fresh for several days.
以上考例和解析告诉我们进行时、完成时和一般过去时是高考热点。考题综合时态、语态、主谓一致以及祈使句、倒装等句式结构对考生进行综合考查。解题时，考生务必注意动作发生顺序；看动作进展程度，是正在进行、刚刚过去、已经完成还是将来进行；善于利用题干暗示，包括情景暗示，时间暗示和连词暗示；熟知常见时态的特殊用法，注意运用时态呼应规律等。认真分析主语是施动还是受动，恰当选用语态。